The advent of Human Patient Simulators (HPS) eliminated most of the current barriers in training emergency medical personnel.  The modern HPS devices are life-sized mannequins whose complex computer-driven systems faithfully reproduce virtually all aspects of the relevant normal and pathophysiological aspects of the human patient in acute medical distress.  HPS units correctly respond to the administered drugs and display the results on standard vital sign monitors – just as a human patient would.  Correct anatomy allows execution of several emergency procedures (e.g., maintenance of airway, insertion of IV lines, chest tubes, or indwelling catheters).  The realism of Human Patient Simulators is even further amplified by the correct chest and heart sounds, presence of anatomically (and pathophysiologically) correct pulses, modifiable responses of the upper respiratory pathway (e.g., laryngospasm), etc.  Behaving like a human patient, the simulators allow training under extremely realistic conditions, where inappropriate treatment (procedure or drug) may result in a “fatality."  Moreover, they also allow team training.  Hence, skills can be practiced and honed as many times as required without endangering a patient.  The only drawback of HPS is cost.  For this reason, HPS systems are available only at the most prestigious medical training centers and their use is heavily restricted.